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Conservation biology. --- Conservation biology --- 574 --- Ecology --- Nature conservation --- 574 General ecology. Biocoenology. Hydrobiology. Biogeography --- General ecology. Biocoenology. Hydrobiology. Biogeography

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Homology (Biology) --- Animals --- Phylogeny --- zv systematics & taxonomy --- Animal phylogeny --- Phylogenetics --- Phylogeny (Zoology) --- Animal classification --- Animal systematics --- Animal taxonomy --- Classification --- Systematic zoology --- Systematics (Zoology) --- Taxonomy, Animal --- Zoological classification --- Zoological systematics --- Zoological taxonomy --- Zoology --- POY. --- Phylogeny Reconstruction via Optimization of DNA and other Data --- Biology --- Evolution (Biology) --- Anatomy, Comparative --- Morphology --- Animals - Classification

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Each tree ring contains an image of the time when the ring formed, projected onto the ring's size, structure, and composition. Tree rings thus are natural archives of past environments, and contain records of past climate. While dendrochronologists have investigated the impact of climate on tree-ring growth by empirical–statistical methods, this volume presents a process-based model complementing previous approaches. Basic ideas concerning the biology of tree-ring growth and its control by environmental factors are treated, especially for conifers. The use of the model is illustrated by means of several examples from widely differing environments, and possible future directions for model development and application are discussed. The volume provides an improved mechanistic basis for the interpretation of tree rings as records of past climate. It advances process understanding of the large-scale environmental control of wood growth. As forests are the main carbon sink on land, the results are of great importance for all global change studies.

Conifers. --- Conifers-- Growth. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Botany --- Fungi & Algae --- Plant Ecology --- Conifers --- Tree-rings. --- Xylem. --- Growth. --- Coniferae --- Coniferales --- Softwood trees --- Softwoods (Trees) --- Life sciences. --- Plant ecology. --- Forestry. --- Trees. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Climate change. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Tree Biology. --- Climate Change. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant cells and tissues --- Vascular system of plants --- Growth (Plants) --- Trees --- Wood --- Dendrochronology --- Gymnosperms --- Evergreens --- Figure --- Climatic changes. --- Forests and forestry. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Plant structure --- Plants --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Structure --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry -- Forest Trees --- ALLW. --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Environmental monitoring. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Ontogeny --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Floristic ecology --- Global environmental change --- Environment. --- Environmental Sciences. --- Environmental Monitoring. --- Plant Development. --- Development. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology

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A research focus on hazards, risk perception and risk minimizing strategies is relatively new in the social and environmental sciences. This volume by a prominent scholar of East African societies is a powerful example of this growing interest. Earlier theory and research tended to describe social and economic systems in some form of equilibrium. However recent thinking in human ecology, evolutionary biology, not to mention in economic and political theory has come to assign to "risk" a prominent role in predictive modeling of behavior. It turns out that risk minimalization is central to the understanding of individual strategies and numerous social institutions. It is not simply a peripheral and transient moment in a group’s history. Anthropologists interested in forager societies have emphasized risk management strategies as a major force shaping hunting and gathering routines and structuring institutions of food sharing and territorial behavior. This book builds on some of these developments but through the analysis of quite complex pastoral and farming peoples and in populations with substantial known histories. The method of analysis depends heavily on the controlled comparisons of different populations sharing some cultural characteristics but differing in exposure to certain risks or hazards. The central questions guiding this approach are: 1) How are hazards generated through environmental variation and degradation, through increasing internal stratification, violent conflicts and marginalization? 2) How do these hazards result in damages to single households or to individual actors and how do these costs vary within one society? 3) How are hazards perceived by the people affected? 4) How do actors of different wealth, social status, age and gender try to minimize risks by delimiting the effect of damages during an on-going crisis and what kind of institutionalized measures do they design to insure themselves against hazards, preventing their occurrence or limiting their effects? 5) How is risk minimization affected by cultural innovation and how can the importance of the quest for enhanced security as a driving force of cultural evolution be estimated?

Social Sciences. --- Anthropology. --- Community & Population Ecology. --- Social sciences. --- Ecology. --- Sciences sociales --- Ecologie --- Anthropologie --- Africa -- Environmental conditions. --- Environmental risk assessment -- Africa. --- Himba (African people) -- Social conditions. --- Human ecology -- Africa. --- Indigenous peoples -- Ecology -- Africa. --- Risk management -- Africa. --- Suk (African people) -- Social conditions. --- Human ecology --- Environmental risk assessment --- Risk management --- Indigenous peoples --- Suk (African people) --- Himba (African people) --- Anthropology --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Anthropogeography & Human Ecology --- Ecology --- Social conditions --- Social conditions. --- Africa --- Environmental conditions. --- Cimba (African people) --- Himba (Bantu people) --- Luzimba (African people) --- Ovahimba (African people) --- Ovazemba (African people) --- Ovazimba (African people) --- Shimba (African people) --- Simba (African people) --- Tjimba (African people) --- Vatwa (African people) --- Zemba (African people) --- Bawgott (African people) --- Hill Suk (African people) --- Pakot (African people) --- Plains Suk (African people) --- Pokot (African people) --- Suks --- Aboriginal peoples --- Aborigines --- Indigenous populations --- Native peoples --- Native races --- Community ecology, Biotic. --- Ethnology --- Nilotic peoples --- Insurance --- Management --- Bantu-speaking peoples --- Risk assessment --- Precautionary principle --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Human beings --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Population biology --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Adivasis --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences